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EU$95552$ - traduction vers espagnol

SELECTION PROCESS FOR STAFF OF THE EU INSTITUTIONS
Eu exams; EU exams; EU recruitment exams; EU recruitment exam; EU recruitment; EU job; EU jobs; Eu jobs

EU      
Unión Europea (abreviatura de la )
Community law         
  • [[Deforestation in Europe]] has been driven by "biomass" being classified as "renewable",<ref name="ReferenceA">[[Renewable Energy Directive 2018]] art 2(a) and (e) and Annex V</ref> even though burning wood for power pollutes the air and harms human health more than coal, and drives [[climate damage]].<ref>M Le Page, ‘The Great Carbon Scam’ (21 September 2016) 231 New Scientist 20–21. M Norton et al, 'Serious mismatches continue between science and policy in forest bioenergy' (2019) [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcbb.12643 11(1) GCB Bioenergy 1256]. T Searchinger et al, 'EU climate plan sacrifices carbon storage and biodiversity for bioenergy' (28 November 2022) [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-04133-1 612 Nature 27], "the EU's “own modeling predicts that yearly use of bioenergy will more than double between 2015 and 2050, from 152 million to 336 million tonnes of oil equivalent. That requires a quantity of biomass each year that is twice Europe's present annual wood harvest.”</ref>
  • art 13(2)(c)]]. cf in the UK, the [[Higher Education Act 2004]] ss 23-24 and 31-39 (tuition fees and plans) and [[Higher Education (Higher Amount) Regulations 2010]] regs 4-5A.</ref> although their governance does not always give sufficient voting power to staff and alumni.<ref>For and example, see the French [[Education Code]], arts L712-1 to 7 (governing bodies) and [[Higher Education Law]] (2019) art 90 (academic council powers). Compare the Oxford University Statute IV and VI, Council Regulations 13 of 2002, regs 4-10 (majority-elected Council, tracing back to [[Oxford University Act 1854]] ss 16 and 21) and [[Higher Education Governance (Scotland) Act 2016]] ss 10 and 18.</ref>
  • Ørsted]].
  • Directive]]s are still thought not to create direct rights among private parties.
  • The [[European Social Charter 1961]] art 2(1) requires "the working week to be progressively reduced" with "increase of productivity".<ref>[[European Social Charter 1961]] [http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/rms/090000168006b642 art 2(1)]</ref> The [[Working Time Directive 2003]] requires 28 paid holidays a year.<ref>[[WTD 2003]] art 7, referring to "four weeks" and arts 5 and 6 referring to the concept of "weekly" as meaning a "seven-day period". The choice to phrase time off as "weeks" was interpreted by the UK Supreme Court to mean employees have the right to take weeks off at a time, rather than separate days in the UK context: ''[[Russell v Transocean International Resources Ltd]]'' [2011] [http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2011/57.html UKSC 57], [19]</ref> With two-day [[weekends]], most people in the EU work two-thirds of the year or less.<ref>See further [[JM Keynes]], ''Economic Possibilities of our Grandchildren'' (1930) arguing a 15-hour week was achievable by 2000 if gains in productivity increases were equitably shared.</ref>
  • The [[European Central Bank]], whose [[Frankfurt]] headquarters opened in 2015, exercises executive control within its monetary policy powers.<ref>[[TFEU]] art [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union/Chapter_1:_The_Institutions#SECTION_6:_THE_EUROPEAN_CENTRAL_BANK 282–287]</ref> It was targeted by the [[Blockupy movement]] for its role in the [[European debt crisis]].
  • Court of Justice]] gave "horizontal [[direct effect]]" to free movement, so a bank could not refuse employment to a worker who lacked a [[Bolzano]] language certificate.<ref>''[[Angonese v Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano SpA]]'' (2000) [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61998CJ0281 C-281/98], [2000] ECR I-4139</ref>
  • The new [[internet backbone]] is made from [[optical fibre]] networks, meaning much faster internet than old [[copper]] cables. The EU's pledge is at least 100[[Mbps]] internet speed to all households in 2025, and 1000[[Mbps]] not until 2030, even though speeds 10 times this were available in 2015.<ref>e.g. K Finley, 'The First US City With 10 GB Internet Is ... Salisbury' (4 September 2015) [https://www.wired.com/2015/09/first-us-city-10-gb-internet-salisbury/ Wired], reporting speeds in Salisbury, North Carolina, of 10 Gigabits, or 10,000[[Mbps]].</ref>
  • All EU citizens have the right to [[child support]], education, [[social security]] and other assistance in EU member states. To ensure people contribute fairly to the communities they live in, there can be qualifying periods of residence and work up to five years.
  • A majority of EU countries have legislation, such the [[Codetermination Act 1976]] or the statute for the [[École normale supérieure in Paris]], which protect employees' right to vote for a corporation's management. This is reflected in the [[Employee Involvement Directive 2001]] for [[European Companies]].
  • Court of Justice]] has delayed.<ref>TEU [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union/Title_I:_Common_Provisions#Article_6 art 6(2)] and ''[[Opinion 2/13]]'' ([http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=160882&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=40247 2014])</ref>
  • stakeholders]] can fully participate in social progress.<ref>See, for example, [[S Deakin]] and F Wilkinson, 'Rights vs Efficiency? The Economic Case for Transnational Labour Standards' (1994) [http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/indlj23&div=33&id=&page= 23(4) Industrial Law Journal 289]</ref>
  • other people's money]], and to empower the ultimate investors.<ref name="papers.ssrn.com">See [[LD Brandeis]], ''[[Other People's Money And How the Bankers Use It]]'' (1914) and E McGaughey, 'Does Corporate Governance Exclude the Ultimate Investor?' (2016) [https://ssrn.com/abstract=2666955 16(1) Journal of Corporate Law Studies 221]</ref>
  • referendum in the UK]] led to the UK leaving the bloc in 2020, reducing the total number of member states back to 27.
  • international treaty]] that envisaged social, economic and political integration, within limited fields, for nation-states.
  • legislative procedures]]. In addition the "[[European Council]]", which is the heads of member state governments, is meant to guide the EU's general political direction.
  • The EU's [[greenhouse gas emissions]] are 90% from (1) energy generation from gas, oil and coal, (2) buildings with gas heating, (3) transport using oil, and (4) agriculture. By 2023, clean energy was cheaper from wind, solar or hydro,<ref>e.g. M Roser, 'Why did renewables become so cheap so fast?' (1 December 2020) [https://ourworldindata.org/cheap-renewables-growth Our World in Data]</ref> but EU law has not yet required rapid clean technology adoption.
  • rewilding]] takes place.
  • unequal bargaining power]],<ref name="Case C-618/10"/> consumers are entitled to a legislative "charter of rights" to safe and healthy products, fair terms, proper information free from misleading advertising and marketing, and rights of cancellation.
  • Pierre Dubois]] proposing a standing committee of princes in 1306, Quaker [[William Penn]] proposing a Parliament in 1693, [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[Jeremy Bentham]] and [[Henri Saint-Simon]].</ref> [[Willem Blaeu]]'s map shows Europe in 1644 as the [[Thirty Years' War]] ended, before the [[Peace of Westphalia]] in 1648.
  • ECHR]] articles 10 and 11.</ref>
  • date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>
  • Council]].
  • TEU]] art 3(3)</ref> but it has not yet used its [[monetary policy]] powers to make banks divest the fossil fuels that cause inflation,<ref>In the OPEC led [[1970s energy crisis]] and the Russia and OPEC led [[2021–2022 global energy crisis]]</ref> to prevent escalating wage inequality, or escalating housing prices.
  • ''[[Plaumann & Co v Commission]]'' required that claimants must be individually and directly concerned by an EU law to request [[judicial review]]. Being adversely affected by rising [[clementine]] duties was not enough.<ref name="Case 25/62">(1963) [http://curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=61962CJ0025&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre= Case 25/62]</ref>
  • [[High-speed rail in Europe]] is coordinated by the Commission, and has a patchwork plan to gradually upgrade track for a faster network.<ref>[[Trans-European transport network Regulation]], [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=COM%3A2021%3A812%3AFIN COM(2021) 812 final] and European Court of Auditors Report ([https://op.europa.eu/webpub/eca/special-reports/high-speed-rail-19-2018/en/ 2018])</ref>
  • Court of Justice]].<ref>e.g. [[J Habermas]], 'Democracy in Europe: Why the Development of the EU into a Transnational Democracy Is Necessary and How It Is Possible' (2015) 21(4) European Law Journal 546. See also [[HLA Hart]], ''[[The Concept of Law]]'' (1961) ch 4, on the danger of a static system and "rules of change".</ref>
  • Paris]], while a minority have more costly private provision with worse outcomes.
  • UK company]] or any other, to do business EU-wide, but must comply with proportionate requirements in the public interest,<ref>''[[Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken voor Amsterdam v Inspire Art Ltd]]'' (2003) [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62001J0167:EN:HTML C-167/01]</ref> such as the basic labour right to a [[voice at work]].<ref>cf [[Employee Involvement Directive]] [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001L0086:EN:HTML 2001/86/EC]</ref>
  • The EU's [[internal market]] for trade exports, like those passing through its largest [[Port of Rotterdam]], totals over €2840 [[billion]].<ref>See [http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Intra-EU_trade_in_goods_-_recent_trends Eurostat], Table 1.</ref>
  • The market share of [[Plug-in electric vehicles in Europe]] was merely 19% in 2021. In the [[Dieselgate]] scandal, firms such as [[Volkswagen]], [[Fiat]], [[BMW]] and [[Renault]] engaged in mass fraud to conceal toxic emissions, leading to thousands of deaths.<ref>[[J Armour]], ‘Volkswagen's Emissions Scandal: Lessons for Corporate Governance?’ (2016) [https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/business-law-blog/blog/2016/05/volkswagen’s-emissions-scandal-lessons-corporate-governance-part-1 OxBLB pt 1], 2..</ref>
  • The commission has imposed substantial fines on [[Microsoft]] for abusing its monopoly position in the software market. Maximum fines can reach 10% of turnover.
  • ECB]] and member state banks like the [[Banque de France]], has been criticised for failing to fulfil its mandate. It interpreted the requirement for [[price stability]] as requiring wage suppression and growing inequality in its dealings on the [[European debt crisis]].<ref>cf [[J Stiglitz]], ''[[The Price of Inequality]]'' (2011) ch 9 and 349</ref>
  • After the 2016 [[Brexit poll]], there were protests both for and against the UK leaving the EU and there was considerable division on how brexit should be enacted. Britain finally left the union in 2020, where the government opted to limit the relationship to an international free trade agreement.
  • The [[Court of Justice of the EU]] in Luxembourg.
  • Court of Justice]] at any time. Some member states are more active than others in doing so.<ref>See Court of Justice of the European Union, ''Annual Report 2015: Judicial Activity'' ([http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2016-04/en_ap_jur15_provisoire2.pdf 2016])</ref>
  • end to polluting motors]] until 2035, or 2030 in some member states.
  • The [[Berlin Wall]] (1961–1989) symbolised a bordered globe, where citizens of the [[Soviet Union]] had no right to leave, and few could enter. The EU has progressively dismantled barriers to free movement, consistent with economic development.
  • Charter]], in support of good consumer information.<ref name=":1">(2012) [http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=126435&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=104747 C-544/10]</ref>
  • EU law]] does not yet regulate web media spreading false news, discrimination or propaganda.
  • Austria]], once covered 80% of Europe, but now cover only 43.5% of EU land. There is no plan yet to reforest and rewild the continent in the agriculture budget.
  • The EU complies with [[international law]] and the [[European Convention on Human Rights]], so long as international law institutions, like the United Nations themselves comply with basic human rights.<ref>''[[Kadi v Commission]]'' (2008) [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:62005CJ0402 C-402 and 415/05]</ref>
  • In 2002, [[Rem Koolhaas]]' proposed "barcode" [[Flag of Europe]], caused uproar as it symbolised the EU becoming no more than a [[market economy]] for endless competitive consumption, devoid of [[social values]] and rights. It was not adopted.
  • Data protection is a human right,<ref>[[CFREU 2000]] [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union#Article_8_Protection_of_personal_data art 8]</ref> and personal data cannot be processed by any enterprise except with consent or by law under the [[General Data Protection Regulation 2016]].
RULES OPERATING WITHIN EU MEMBER STATES
EC law; European community law; EC Law; European law; European Community Law; EU Law; European Law; EU law; European Union Law; EU framework law; European Union laws; European Union opinion; Eu law; EU legislation; Community obligation; Law of the EU; Community Law; EU laws; European Community law; Common law for the EU; Az Európai Unió Szociál Politikája; Law of the European Union; Union law; Az Europai Unio Szocial Politikaja; European Union constitutional law; ELS degree; EEC law; Criminal law in the European Union; European Union criminal law; Legal system of the European Union; Administrative law in the European Union
(n.) = derecho comunitario
Ex: The promulgation of Community law represents the culmination of an often tortuous legal process whose main features are laid down in the Treaty of Rome.
European law         
  • [[Deforestation in Europe]] has been driven by "biomass" being classified as "renewable",<ref name="ReferenceA">[[Renewable Energy Directive 2018]] art 2(a) and (e) and Annex V</ref> even though burning wood for power pollutes the air and harms human health more than coal, and drives [[climate damage]].<ref>M Le Page, ‘The Great Carbon Scam’ (21 September 2016) 231 New Scientist 20–21. M Norton et al, 'Serious mismatches continue between science and policy in forest bioenergy' (2019) [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcbb.12643 11(1) GCB Bioenergy 1256]. T Searchinger et al, 'EU climate plan sacrifices carbon storage and biodiversity for bioenergy' (28 November 2022) [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-04133-1 612 Nature 27], "the EU's “own modeling predicts that yearly use of bioenergy will more than double between 2015 and 2050, from 152 million to 336 million tonnes of oil equivalent. That requires a quantity of biomass each year that is twice Europe's present annual wood harvest.”</ref>
  • art 13(2)(c)]]. cf in the UK, the [[Higher Education Act 2004]] ss 23-24 and 31-39 (tuition fees and plans) and [[Higher Education (Higher Amount) Regulations 2010]] regs 4-5A.</ref> although their governance does not always give sufficient voting power to staff and alumni.<ref>For and example, see the French [[Education Code]], arts L712-1 to 7 (governing bodies) and [[Higher Education Law]] (2019) art 90 (academic council powers). Compare the Oxford University Statute IV and VI, Council Regulations 13 of 2002, regs 4-10 (majority-elected Council, tracing back to [[Oxford University Act 1854]] ss 16 and 21) and [[Higher Education Governance (Scotland) Act 2016]] ss 10 and 18.</ref>
  • Ørsted]].
  • Directive]]s are still thought not to create direct rights among private parties.
  • The [[European Social Charter 1961]] art 2(1) requires "the working week to be progressively reduced" with "increase of productivity".<ref>[[European Social Charter 1961]] [http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/rms/090000168006b642 art 2(1)]</ref> The [[Working Time Directive 2003]] requires 28 paid holidays a year.<ref>[[WTD 2003]] art 7, referring to "four weeks" and arts 5 and 6 referring to the concept of "weekly" as meaning a "seven-day period". The choice to phrase time off as "weeks" was interpreted by the UK Supreme Court to mean employees have the right to take weeks off at a time, rather than separate days in the UK context: ''[[Russell v Transocean International Resources Ltd]]'' [2011] [http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2011/57.html UKSC 57], [19]</ref> With two-day [[weekends]], most people in the EU work two-thirds of the year or less.<ref>See further [[JM Keynes]], ''Economic Possibilities of our Grandchildren'' (1930) arguing a 15-hour week was achievable by 2000 if gains in productivity increases were equitably shared.</ref>
  • The [[European Central Bank]], whose [[Frankfurt]] headquarters opened in 2015, exercises executive control within its monetary policy powers.<ref>[[TFEU]] art [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union/Chapter_1:_The_Institutions#SECTION_6:_THE_EUROPEAN_CENTRAL_BANK 282–287]</ref> It was targeted by the [[Blockupy movement]] for its role in the [[European debt crisis]].
  • Court of Justice]] gave "horizontal [[direct effect]]" to free movement, so a bank could not refuse employment to a worker who lacked a [[Bolzano]] language certificate.<ref>''[[Angonese v Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano SpA]]'' (2000) [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61998CJ0281 C-281/98], [2000] ECR I-4139</ref>
  • The new [[internet backbone]] is made from [[optical fibre]] networks, meaning much faster internet than old [[copper]] cables. The EU's pledge is at least 100[[Mbps]] internet speed to all households in 2025, and 1000[[Mbps]] not until 2030, even though speeds 10 times this were available in 2015.<ref>e.g. K Finley, 'The First US City With 10 GB Internet Is ... Salisbury' (4 September 2015) [https://www.wired.com/2015/09/first-us-city-10-gb-internet-salisbury/ Wired], reporting speeds in Salisbury, North Carolina, of 10 Gigabits, or 10,000[[Mbps]].</ref>
  • All EU citizens have the right to [[child support]], education, [[social security]] and other assistance in EU member states. To ensure people contribute fairly to the communities they live in, there can be qualifying periods of residence and work up to five years.
  • A majority of EU countries have legislation, such the [[Codetermination Act 1976]] or the statute for the [[École normale supérieure in Paris]], which protect employees' right to vote for a corporation's management. This is reflected in the [[Employee Involvement Directive 2001]] for [[European Companies]].
  • Court of Justice]] has delayed.<ref>TEU [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union/Title_I:_Common_Provisions#Article_6 art 6(2)] and ''[[Opinion 2/13]]'' ([http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=160882&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=40247 2014])</ref>
  • stakeholders]] can fully participate in social progress.<ref>See, for example, [[S Deakin]] and F Wilkinson, 'Rights vs Efficiency? The Economic Case for Transnational Labour Standards' (1994) [http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/indlj23&div=33&id=&page= 23(4) Industrial Law Journal 289]</ref>
  • other people's money]], and to empower the ultimate investors.<ref name="papers.ssrn.com">See [[LD Brandeis]], ''[[Other People's Money And How the Bankers Use It]]'' (1914) and E McGaughey, 'Does Corporate Governance Exclude the Ultimate Investor?' (2016) [https://ssrn.com/abstract=2666955 16(1) Journal of Corporate Law Studies 221]</ref>
  • referendum in the UK]] led to the UK leaving the bloc in 2020, reducing the total number of member states back to 27.
  • international treaty]] that envisaged social, economic and political integration, within limited fields, for nation-states.
  • legislative procedures]]. In addition the "[[European Council]]", which is the heads of member state governments, is meant to guide the EU's general political direction.
  • The EU's [[greenhouse gas emissions]] are 90% from (1) energy generation from gas, oil and coal, (2) buildings with gas heating, (3) transport using oil, and (4) agriculture. By 2023, clean energy was cheaper from wind, solar or hydro,<ref>e.g. M Roser, 'Why did renewables become so cheap so fast?' (1 December 2020) [https://ourworldindata.org/cheap-renewables-growth Our World in Data]</ref> but EU law has not yet required rapid clean technology adoption.
  • rewilding]] takes place.
  • unequal bargaining power]],<ref name="Case C-618/10"/> consumers are entitled to a legislative "charter of rights" to safe and healthy products, fair terms, proper information free from misleading advertising and marketing, and rights of cancellation.
  • Pierre Dubois]] proposing a standing committee of princes in 1306, Quaker [[William Penn]] proposing a Parliament in 1693, [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[Jeremy Bentham]] and [[Henri Saint-Simon]].</ref> [[Willem Blaeu]]'s map shows Europe in 1644 as the [[Thirty Years' War]] ended, before the [[Peace of Westphalia]] in 1648.
  • ECHR]] articles 10 and 11.</ref>
  • date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>
  • Council]].
  • TEU]] art 3(3)</ref> but it has not yet used its [[monetary policy]] powers to make banks divest the fossil fuels that cause inflation,<ref>In the OPEC led [[1970s energy crisis]] and the Russia and OPEC led [[2021–2022 global energy crisis]]</ref> to prevent escalating wage inequality, or escalating housing prices.
  • ''[[Plaumann & Co v Commission]]'' required that claimants must be individually and directly concerned by an EU law to request [[judicial review]]. Being adversely affected by rising [[clementine]] duties was not enough.<ref name="Case 25/62">(1963) [http://curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=61962CJ0025&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre= Case 25/62]</ref>
  • [[High-speed rail in Europe]] is coordinated by the Commission, and has a patchwork plan to gradually upgrade track for a faster network.<ref>[[Trans-European transport network Regulation]], [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=COM%3A2021%3A812%3AFIN COM(2021) 812 final] and European Court of Auditors Report ([https://op.europa.eu/webpub/eca/special-reports/high-speed-rail-19-2018/en/ 2018])</ref>
  • Court of Justice]].<ref>e.g. [[J Habermas]], 'Democracy in Europe: Why the Development of the EU into a Transnational Democracy Is Necessary and How It Is Possible' (2015) 21(4) European Law Journal 546. See also [[HLA Hart]], ''[[The Concept of Law]]'' (1961) ch 4, on the danger of a static system and "rules of change".</ref>
  • Paris]], while a minority have more costly private provision with worse outcomes.
  • UK company]] or any other, to do business EU-wide, but must comply with proportionate requirements in the public interest,<ref>''[[Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken voor Amsterdam v Inspire Art Ltd]]'' (2003) [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62001J0167:EN:HTML C-167/01]</ref> such as the basic labour right to a [[voice at work]].<ref>cf [[Employee Involvement Directive]] [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001L0086:EN:HTML 2001/86/EC]</ref>
  • The EU's [[internal market]] for trade exports, like those passing through its largest [[Port of Rotterdam]], totals over €2840 [[billion]].<ref>See [http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Intra-EU_trade_in_goods_-_recent_trends Eurostat], Table 1.</ref>
  • The market share of [[Plug-in electric vehicles in Europe]] was merely 19% in 2021. In the [[Dieselgate]] scandal, firms such as [[Volkswagen]], [[Fiat]], [[BMW]] and [[Renault]] engaged in mass fraud to conceal toxic emissions, leading to thousands of deaths.<ref>[[J Armour]], ‘Volkswagen's Emissions Scandal: Lessons for Corporate Governance?’ (2016) [https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/business-law-blog/blog/2016/05/volkswagen’s-emissions-scandal-lessons-corporate-governance-part-1 OxBLB pt 1], 2..</ref>
  • The commission has imposed substantial fines on [[Microsoft]] for abusing its monopoly position in the software market. Maximum fines can reach 10% of turnover.
  • ECB]] and member state banks like the [[Banque de France]], has been criticised for failing to fulfil its mandate. It interpreted the requirement for [[price stability]] as requiring wage suppression and growing inequality in its dealings on the [[European debt crisis]].<ref>cf [[J Stiglitz]], ''[[The Price of Inequality]]'' (2011) ch 9 and 349</ref>
  • After the 2016 [[Brexit poll]], there were protests both for and against the UK leaving the EU and there was considerable division on how brexit should be enacted. Britain finally left the union in 2020, where the government opted to limit the relationship to an international free trade agreement.
  • The [[Court of Justice of the EU]] in Luxembourg.
  • Court of Justice]] at any time. Some member states are more active than others in doing so.<ref>See Court of Justice of the European Union, ''Annual Report 2015: Judicial Activity'' ([http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2016-04/en_ap_jur15_provisoire2.pdf 2016])</ref>
  • end to polluting motors]] until 2035, or 2030 in some member states.
  • The [[Berlin Wall]] (1961–1989) symbolised a bordered globe, where citizens of the [[Soviet Union]] had no right to leave, and few could enter. The EU has progressively dismantled barriers to free movement, consistent with economic development.
  • Charter]], in support of good consumer information.<ref name=":1">(2012) [http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=126435&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=104747 C-544/10]</ref>
  • EU law]] does not yet regulate web media spreading false news, discrimination or propaganda.
  • Austria]], once covered 80% of Europe, but now cover only 43.5% of EU land. There is no plan yet to reforest and rewild the continent in the agriculture budget.
  • The EU complies with [[international law]] and the [[European Convention on Human Rights]], so long as international law institutions, like the United Nations themselves comply with basic human rights.<ref>''[[Kadi v Commission]]'' (2008) [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:62005CJ0402 C-402 and 415/05]</ref>
  • In 2002, [[Rem Koolhaas]]' proposed "barcode" [[Flag of Europe]], caused uproar as it symbolised the EU becoming no more than a [[market economy]] for endless competitive consumption, devoid of [[social values]] and rights. It was not adopted.
  • Data protection is a human right,<ref>[[CFREU 2000]] [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union#Article_8_Protection_of_personal_data art 8]</ref> and personal data cannot be processed by any enterprise except with consent or by law under the [[General Data Protection Regulation 2016]].
RULES OPERATING WITHIN EU MEMBER STATES
EC law; European community law; EC Law; European law; European Community Law; EU Law; European Law; EU law; European Union Law; EU framework law; European Union laws; European Union opinion; Eu law; EU legislation; Community obligation; Law of the EU; Community Law; EU laws; European Community law; Common law for the EU; Az Európai Unió Szociál Politikája; Law of the European Union; Union law; Az Europai Unio Szocial Politikaja; European Union constitutional law; ELS degree; EEC law; Criminal law in the European Union; European Union criminal law; Legal system of the European Union; Administrative law in the European Union
la ley europea (método judicial de la mayoría de los países europeos y paises influidos por ellos)

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Eu Símbolo químico del europio.
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EU Concours

Concours or EU concours is a recruitment competition and examination to select staff to all institutions of the European Union.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU Concours
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